ʻO Thailand kahi kahua hana kaʻa kaʻa koʻikoʻi ma ka honua, i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka hana kaʻa makahiki o Thailand e like me 1.9 miliona mau kaʻa, ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ASEAN; ʻO ka mea nui loa, i ka makahiki 2022, ʻo ka nui o ka waiwai kūʻai aku o nā ʻāpana kaʻa o Thailand i hōʻea i 1.31 trillion baht, kahi piʻi o 8.2%, e helu ana ma kahi o 12.3% o GDP; ʻO ka waiwai kūʻai aku o nā ʻāpana ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ASEAN a ʻo ka 14th ma ka honua, a ua hōʻea ke kumu kūʻai o nā kaʻa kaʻa i ka lua o ka honua. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻolaha ka ʻoihana ʻoihana kaʻa i Thailand e lilo i kumu hana hana ʻoihana kaʻa hou.

kūlana kumu

Mai ka makahiki 1963, ua hoʻolaha ke aupuni Thai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻāpana kaʻa. I ka wā mua, ua nānā nā keʻena aupuni o Thai i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hana e kākoʻo ai i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaʻa o ka home, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai lawe mai ma nā kaʻa piha (Complete Built-Up: CBU) a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i lalo (Complete Knock-Down: CKD). Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopuka ka Board of Investment (BOI) i nā hana e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ʻauhau ʻauhau a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka uku hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mīkini no ka huki ʻana i nā mea hoʻopukapuka haole e hoʻokumu i nā kumu hana ma Thailand.

Eia hou, ua hoʻoholo ke aupuni Thai i ka hapa o nā ʻāpana kaʻa i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana kaʻa (koi ʻike kūloko: LCR). Ua kāpae ʻia kēia koi, akā ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia ma ka huina o nā ʻāpana kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa Thai e like me 60-80%; 'O nā ka'a pili kaiapuni a me nā ka'a ka'a ka'a a hiki i ka 90%, a ho'ohana nā ka'a ka'a i nā mea āpau i hana 'ia ma ka 'āina. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻaelike kālepa kūʻokoʻa o Thailand me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e like me ka ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), ka Thailand-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA), a me ka Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA) ua alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka CBU a Hoʻokomo ʻia nā CKD me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

Ke hoʻomau nei nā mea hoʻopukapuka Thai a me nā haole i ka ʻoihana ʻāpana kaʻa ma Thailand. ʻO nā hui kūloko koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻoihana hui ma Thailand ʻo Thai Summit Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Sammitr Auto Parts Co., Ltd., Somboon Advance Technology Plc., Thai Auto Pressparts Co., Ltd., etc. ʻO nā mea i hoʻokumu i nā kumu hana ma Thailand ʻo Bosch, Denso, Magna, Continental, ZF, a me Aisin Seiki. Ma waena o nā huahana nui:

1) Hui ʻāpana Rubber:

Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka home o nā mea waiwai kūlohelohe ma Thailand, e like me nā hoses, nā kāʻei, nā rim fiberglass, nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe e koi ana i ka ʻenehana hana kiʻekiʻe;

2) Powertrain a me nā ʻāpana mīkini:

Ma waena o lākou, paʻakikī ke kaulahao lako a ʻoi aku ka waiwai ma mua o 1/3 o ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa kūloko kūloko (ICE). ʻO ia hoʻi ka pūʻulu a ke aupuni Thai e hoʻolaha nei i ka hana ʻana ma ke kaulahao hoʻolako holoʻokoʻa, e like me nā radiators, exhaust pipes, fuel supply system, fuel tanks, ignition system, gears, etc.;

3) Nā kaʻa uila:

Hoʻolaha ke aupuni Thai i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kaʻa uila i loko o kahi ʻano pōʻai, no laila e noi mālie nā mea hana no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā e hoʻolaha i ka hana ʻana o nā kaʻa uila a me nā ʻāpana ma Thailand. ʻO nā pākahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 30% o ke kumukūʻai o nā kaʻa uila.

Nā huahana a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻoili

ʻO ka ʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa o Thailand e hilinaʻi nui nei i kāna mākeke kūloko, me ke kūʻai ʻana i ka helu no 60-70%, i māhele ʻia i ka hui kaʻa (mea hana mea hana OEM) a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaʻa (mea hana mea hana REM).

OEM: 30-40% o ka nui o ka waiwai puka o ka mākeke ʻāpana o Thailand

Ke hoʻonui nei me ka ulu ʻana o ka hana kaʻa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o ia mau mea i hana ʻia ma ka home ma Thailand, a ʻo ke koena e koi i nā huahana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe mai ka hui makua a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻolako ʻoihana makua ma waho, e like me nā ʻāpana uila (microcontroller chips: MCU) no ka mana kaʻa. nā ʻōnaehana i lawe ʻia mai Iapana mai, a me nā ʻāpana ʻenekini puhi ahi a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa uila i lawe ʻia mai Kina.

REM: 60-70% o ka huina waiwai o ka mākeke ʻāpana kūloko o Thailand

Ke ulu nei ka mākeke REM ma ke ala like me ka helu kumulative o nā kaʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e pili ana i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ke koi ʻana i nā ʻāpana pani (nā ʻāpana ʻāpana). Loaʻa i ka REM nā ala hoʻolaha like ʻole, me nā kikowaena lawelawe hoʻoponopono hou a nā mea kūʻai aku, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai nui a me nā hale kūʻai kūʻai kaʻa, a me nā hale kūʻai hoʻoponopono maʻamau. Ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai o nā ʻāpana i lawe ʻia mai, ʻo REM ka 10-20% o ka nui o ka waiwai o nā ʻāpana i lawe ʻia mai, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i lawe ʻia mai Iapana (ʻo ia ka 43% o ka nui o nā ʻāpana REM i lawe ʻia), a me Kina (17 %) a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (8%).

He 30-40% ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana hana ʻāpana, nona nā ʻāpana OEM no 80-85% o ka nui o nā hoʻoiho a me nā ʻāpana REM no 15-20%. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui i lawe ʻia e Thailand, ʻo ia nā ʻenekini, nā ʻili uila, nā kino, nā aniani, nā ʻāpana, nā kaʻa a me nā ʻāpana.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Thailand he ʻāina hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua o nā ʻāpana kaʻa a puni ka honua. Hoʻohana ia i nā kaulahao lako e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻoihana waiwai a ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e nā mea hana kaʻa. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa iā Thailand ka pono o ka wahi o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana, e lilo ia i kumu waiwai nui i ka honua. I ka makahiki 2021, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe loa o Thailand i nā ʻāpana (nā ʻano āpau) ma ASEAN a ua helu ʻia ʻo 14th ma ka honua. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui i lawe ʻia i waho, ʻo ia nā huila kaʻa (lua ma ka honua), nā ʻāpana kaʻa ʻē aʻe (koe nā ʻenekini a me nā huila kaʻa) (pae 3), nā ʻenekini (pae 13th) a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa ʻē aʻe (koe nā ʻenekini a me nā huila) (pae 15th). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana kaʻa o Thailand i nā kumu hana kaʻa kaʻa ʻo ASEAN, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam a me Philippines, ʻo ia hoʻi ka 22% o ka nui o nā ʻāpana kaʻa i lawe ʻia aku, a ukali ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (22%) a me Iapana (9% ).